Lava study backs dry early Mars

A study of rocks at an old A-bomb test site in the Pacific has led a team of scientists to conclude that early Mars was not so warm and wet as many argue.

The rocks at Mururoa Atoll in French Polynesia contain clay minerals that look like those seen on the Red Planet.

But whereas the Martian clays are taken to be the products of weathering of rocks by liquid water, the atoll's clays have a very different origin.

These were precipitated directly from water-rich molten rock as it cooled.

The research is published in Nature Geoscience by Prof Alain Meunier from the University of Poitiers, France, and colleagues.

It is interesting because it strikes at the heart of the notion that the Red Planet was awash with water, perhaps at its surface, more than 3.75 billion years ago - an idea that has been put forward to explain the great abundance of some clay deposits observed from orbit by satellites.

However, the process of clay production at Mururoa, if replicated and widespread on early Mars, would remove the need for such large volumes of water, and with it possibly a more benign environment for life to establish itself on the planet.

"Mars was not as warm and wet in its earliest time as some have suggested. I do not believe in an early ocean on Mars," Prof Meunier told BBC News.

But [The Mururoa process] explains only the earliest generation of clays on Mars, in the early Noachian period. In later periods, liquid water has existed on Mars' surface; that is undoubtedly the case."

Free space

The atoll was the site of French nuclear testing from the 1960s to the 1990s.

A lot of rock was drilled from the island as part of that programme and is now available for study.

Prof Meunier's team shows that clays in these volcanic samples were formed directly in place, in the spaces that sometimes arise between cooling rock crystals. They were not the product of later alteration of the rock through long-term contact with water - the more familiar route to these minerals.

"Inside the basaltic rock as the lava is cooling, the crystals are separated sometimes by free spaces in which the residual fluids are concentrated," Prof Meunier explained.

"These fluids contain all the components that have not been consumed in the high-temperature crystals like pyroxene, olivine and plagioclase; and among these components, of course, there is water.

"As the temperature decreases, these fluids are supersaturated with a lot of phases that consume water and all the remaining elements. And this favours the formation of clay minerals."

What is more, when the team examined the infrared reflectance of the Mururoan lavas, they found the signal to be very similar to the observational data obtained by the Mars orbiters that have mapped the Red Planet's clay deposits.

Below the surface

Prof John Mustard, of Brown University, Rhodes Island, US, has studied the satellite clay data extensively since its first acquisition in 2005.

He said the new research was a welcome addition to the debate about the early environmental conditions on the planet but that he was not convinced the Mururoan lavas could explain the great abundance of clays seen in some regions of the Red Planet.

"The question is: how do you generate thick sequences of this stuff? Their model cannot, I don't think, explain a Mawrth Vallis and other thick sections where we can quite clearly demonstrate many hundreds of metres, if not more, of clay formation. Mawrth Vallis has far too much clay to be produced by this process. The amount of clays produced by this degassing process is a relatively small amount."

Prof Mustard himself prefers the idea that many of the clays were produced sub-surface at Mars, where warm water could interact with rocks for long periods - such as in hydrothermal systems. Only later were these buried clays excavated into view by impacts or through the erosion of overlying ground by short-lived bursts of flowing surface water.

To maintain stable water on the surface of the planet for extended durations would have needed a thick atmosphere - something which is quite hard to reproduce in the climate models of early Mars, explained Prof Mustard.

"We make the clear argument that a good chunk of the clays were subsurface," he told BBC News.

"I think it's abundantly clear that surface hydrologic systems were probably responsible for a subset of the clay occurrences that we see - but not the dominance. There's very good evidence for there having been interconnected rivers and lakes, but they're very immature. This fluvial renaissance of Mars was very short-lived."

The debate is about to get lot more interesting thanks to the imminent first direct measurements of clay minerals on Mars.

Nasa has two operational rovers on the planet currently, and both should encounter the deposits.

The Opportunity vehicle is heading to the rim of a big crater known as Endeavour where clays have been sighted from orbit.

And the Curiosity robot, which has just landed in Gale Crater, will be commanded to drive to the base of a mountain where, again, clays have been detected by satellite.

Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk and follow me on Twitter

Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19525421#sa-ns_mchannel=rss&ns_source=PublicRSS20-sa

navy jet crash virginia beach isiah thomas passover easter recipes live free or die hard carlos pena amanda bynes arrested

Save up to 40% on Layette Sets from Zutano :SuperSave Price.com

Save up to 40% off on Layette Sets from Zutano for a limited time. Direct from Amazon.com and eligible for FREE Super Saver Shipping, Amazon Prime, and Free Returns

Purchase:
Save up to 40% on Layette Sets from Zutano

Source: http://www.supersave-price.com/save-up-to-40-on-layette-sets-from-zutano

James Holmes Minka Kelly sex tape Colorado shooting Colorado shooting victims aurora Angie Everhart tom hardy

Could someone explain waiving AAP? - Adoption.com Forums

Ok, so this is what I found on a Cal website...

Adoption Assistance Program (AAP) FAQs

What are the AAP benefits that an AAP eligible child may receive?

The benefits available for AAP eligible children are as follows: a monthly financial benefit, medical insurance through Medi-Cal, non-recurring adoption expenses (up to $400 per child,) payment for residential treatment and continuation of AAP benefits in a readoption.

What is the amount of the monthly financial AAP benefit?

The amount of financial assistance is determined based upon the special needs of the child and circumstances of the family. The AAP benefit shall not exceed the age related State-approved foster family home rate the child would have received had they not been adopted. If the child?s needs are greater and require a higher level of care and supervision, they may qualify for a Special Care Increment (SCI) in addition to the basic foster family home rate. The SCI rate varies county to county, as each county has their own SCI rate schedule. A child who is developmentally delayed and a current consumer of California Regional Center may qualify for the dual agency flat rate.

If the adoptive parent(s) elect to not apply for AAP benefits, they are encouraged to sign a deferred adoption assistance agreement. A deferred adoption agreement will retain the child?s eligibility for an AAP grant at a future time and qualifies the child for Medi-Cal benefits when needed.

So is AAP basically the FFH rate for every child... and some get SCR (specialized care rate tiers), as well as clothing allowance, medi-cal and non-recurring adoption expenses?????????? ANd each foster child receives this and it continues to the age of 18 even if the family adopts?

Ok, so now that I know what AAP is... I think, why would someone waive this? I could understand why a wealthy family would... but just a middle class family? ...just to be given priority? I think I am missing something. This was NOT explained in PRIDE and my HS worker worded this VERY VERY differently!

Source: http://forums.adoption.com/foster-parent-support/407619-could-someone-explain-waiving-aap.html

bagpipes aspirin aspirin 21 jump street illinois primary results acapulco mexico hines ward

Shop Till You Drop: Real Estate Buying Guidelines | Elfad Blogs

While purchasing real estate may seem involved and complex, it can be very rewarding if you understand what is involved. Dont be concerned! If you stick to these suggestions, you will avoid these difficulties. Build a big network of fellow real estate investors. Properties are consistently on the market place, and not every listing is a very good possibility for every investor. Maintaining in touch will let them help you uncover very good home that other individuals may not yet know of. Prioritize your goals when negotiating your true estate bargains. You need to be in a position to identify something that you have an situation with and relay how you expect each problem to be handled. Make confident you stick to the critical issues throughout negotiations. Knowing you wont win on every little thing, be confident to take a firm stand on the most important concerns so you can be flexible on some lesser ones. investing in real estate Homes that require some ?tender loving care? are priced less. This gives you excellent negotiating power, meaning you will save a lot on the home acquire. You can then operate on the home at your own pace, making the improvements as you see fit. You are growing the worth of your house with each and every improvement and have the flexibility to style it the way you want. Do not focus on what is wrong with the home rather, focus on what is excellent. Your dream home may just be hiding behind that cracked, outdated paneling. Research rental properties. Before producing any payments on a rental house, be certain that you have given the propertys records of the final couple years a thorough assessment. The purpose for this is that you have to make positive that the seller has created full and accurate disclosure with regards to the propertys possible for earnings. A lender will most likely also want to look at an income verification before issuing a loan to obtain the home. If you are significant about getting a residence, measure it very first. You want to make confident the square footage that the owner listed actually matches up with public records. The two numbers must be inside 100 square feet of each other if they do not match, either reconsider purchasing the property, or figure out what is going on. how to invest in real estate If you want to enhance the value of actual estate that you own, do some remodeling or repairs to the property. You will be capable to advantage from a return nearly instantly on the investment and you will see a rise in home worth. Your value may possibly properly rise more than your initial investment. Hire a professional inspector to do an inspection on the home you are looking to buy. While it will price you, dont have a friend or relative do it, because something can be missed and youre left with no recourse. Often get an inspection of the home you want to acquire. You dont want to discover immediately after you purchase that your property needs a lot of renovating. In addition to wasting your income, you may possibly even have to rent a place to reside even though your newly bought house gets worked on. Getting insurance for your new residence must be the initial factor you do immediately after getting the home, even before you move your loved ones and belongings in. With out homeowners insurance, your home is not protected in the event of a fire, theft, or all-natural disaster. Buying genuine estate might be a complex procedure, but it does not have to be challenging. It does require you to do research and ask questions, but ultimately, it is all worthwhile. Keeping the aforementioned suggestions in your thoughts, you are now far more intelligent than ever in dealing with real estate matters.

This entry was posted in Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink.

Source: http://elfad.net/uncategorized/shop-till-you-drop-real-estate-buying-guidelines/

stephen colbert south carolina seal seal and heidi klum drew peterson untouchable herman cain south carolina palmetto rob lowe

WikiPad hits Gamestop in October ? available ... - Android Community

This isn?t the first time we?ve talked about this interesting Android-powered gaming device but today we learned some important details. The WikiPad 10-inch tablet has been a mixed bag of feelings for us but the gaming tablet will finally see store shelves next month. They?ve announced pre-orders are available now and it will be shipping in October.

As I?m sure you already know if you?re interested in this device you?ll get a 10.1-inch 1280 x 800 resolution IPS display Android tablet that docks into a full featuring game controller with improved speakers, controls, d-pads and more. The tablet runs an NVIDIA Tegra 3 quad-core processor, 1GB of RAM and is quite unique looking once docked.

Today the tablet went up for pre-order from Gamestop for $499. Yes the price might be a little steep but you get that awesome game controller too. We aren?t sure what type of response the gaming community will give this, but would love to hear your thoughts on the slate.

The tablet runs an NVIDIA Tegra 3 so will obviously enjoy TegraZone THD games, they are seeking Sony Playstation certification, and Gamestop will apparently be negotiating deals with game developers to get even more certified games for the tablet. GameStop?s Joe Gorman envisions the Wikipad as a device capable of bridging the gap between traditional tablets game consoles allowing the user to ?not only work hard, but play hard.?

Thoughts?

[via SlashGear]

Source: http://androidcommunity.com/wikipad-hits-gamestop-in-october-available-now-for-pre-order-20120907/

how to tie a tie snl green bean casserole sweet potato recipes the sound of music celebration church new york auto show 2012

KERRY WASHINGTON MAKES APPEAL TO YOUTH VOTERS. Read more below about her message...

Kerry Washington, Scarlett Johansson make appeal to youth voters at DNC

thegrio.com

CHARLOTTE, N.C. (AP) - Actress Kerry Washington spoke with Johansson on Thursday night and described herself as the granddaughter of Ellis Island immigrants who could not have afforded college with...

Source: http://www.facebook.com/theGrio/posts/100520230105914

full moon aubrey o day masters live johan santana viktor bout ncaa hockey role models

Computers And Technology: Cell Computing Article Category ?

Speaking about India, we are the second largest cell market on the earth after China. We?ve got the fastest growing market in terms of net subscribers added per month. The perfect half is that this quantum leap isn?t only coming from the urban sector but additionally the agricultural sector. GSM technology has turn out to be frequent and we also have the highest per consumer talk time consumption. In tune with the cultural range of India, our mobiles are also multi-lingual and multi-regional.

We use technology, in a single form or another in our everyday lives, however it is the know-how that man has created that is killing us. God put every part on the planet that was needed for people to exist and he additionally made humans very good, allowing us to educate ourselves far beyond what is required in our everyday life.

It is a breakthrough expertise initially developed by Leap?s CTO David Holz. The Leap team also bills the technology as ?a pure, intuitive technique to talk?. One advantage to those in the medical subject means fewer disposals of exam and surgical gloves (and less temptation to re-use gloves!).

Computer systems and the Web technology have revolutionized the sector of education. The significance of know-how in faculties can?t be ignored. In actual fact, with the onset of computers in schooling, it has turn out to be easier for the academics to render information and for the scholars to know it. The computer know-how is used to add an enjoyable-element to education. And it goes with out saying that the Web has endowed schooling with interactivity.

The introduction of worth added providers (VAS) is culpable for this plunge in cell contextlinks1. Be it music, literature, TV or buying, cellular VAS has touched every aspect of our lives. Music downloads, innovative ring tones, fascinating games, GPRS companies, missed name alerts, cell banking and many others are all a part of the VAS bundle offered by mobile companies. It is not going to be improper to say that these VAS companies have turn into an USP for companies promoting cell phones. This cellular leisure market has led to an evolution of mobile networks. No doubt the cell service suppliers are reaping full advantage of this development and going to their banks laughing.

Optical fiber has a wide range of uses. The commonest and used extensively in communication techniques and fiber optic communication programs have quite a lot of options that make it superior to techniques that use standard copper cables. And the use of fiber optics with these systems better use of data, the place endurance is just not bothered by electrical interference and require fewer amplifiers then the copper cabling systems. Communications systems are installed fiber-optic networks within the wide range of fiber optic bundles all around the world, and even below the oceans. Test most of the available optical fiber to provide you with the very best gear for optical fiber.

Sunday, Might thirteenth is Mother?s Day. How will you be celebrating this necessary day along with your mother? As an alternative of sending traditional cards and flowers, why not personalize her day. With know-how included into our on a regular basis world, she will be able to see your face and hear your voice from anywhere.

The new age units corresponding to sport consoles as of late use movement expertise which implies we will operate the consoles with our physique movement. Computer builders today have labored on an expertise the place we are able to control our laptop screen movement with the assistance of our eye-balls; neglect about the contact display screen technology. These new developments in information technology signify the loss of life of that humble mouse as we are able to now use our eye actions in controlling the pointer. The infra purple sensor has an amazing role to play right here as it can monitor our eye movements and create 3D photos which transfer the pointer within the direction of our eyes on the pc screen. It means saving time and making issues faster and easier.

If you want further points on burstcreativegroup graphic design check out Esteban R. Stravinski?s site there?s loads of information not outlined in this article, find those details on Author?s web blog to uncover more.

Source: http://all-articles-directory.com/computers-and-technology-cell-computing-article-category-5/

emmylou harris disco inferno b.i.g 1000 words ron white ron white buckyballs

Blue Coat Set to Demonstrate Industry Leading ... - Capital Business

Dave Ewart
Blue Coat Systems, Inc., a market and technology leader of Web security and WAN optimization solutions, announced its participation at GITEX Technology Week 2012. The company will be demonstrating its entire suite of application delivery networking solutions that provide the visibility, acceleration and security required to optimize and secure the flow of information to any user, on any network, anywhere.

Speaking about the company?s participation at the event, Dave Ewart, Director Product Marketing, EMEA at Blue Coat Systems said, ?Gitex is attended by the key players in the industry and customers looking for solutions to urgent and complex issues. The exhibition is the ideal platform for us to present our innovative range of products and solutions. The Middle East has seen an increased level of cyber attacks in recent times. We will be conducting sessions to educate current and potential customers and partners on the latest advances for combating these threats. Bandwidth costs are also a major concern in this region and we are keen to demonstrate our WAN optimization and carrier-grade caching solutions that help save bandwidth and enhance the end-user web experience?.

At GITEX, Blue Coat will highlight key products in its web security and optimization product lines, including ProxySG, the Blue Coat Cloud Service, CacheFlow, MACH5 and PacketShaper. Through the industry?s first ?Unified Web Security? solution, which combines ProxySG appliances and the Blue Coat Cloud Service, Blue Coat delivers global threat protection, universal policy and unified reporting to all users on devices across any network. Blue Coat PacketShaper and MACH5 optimization solutions provide visibility, control and acceleration for businesses. CacheFlow provides advanced caching technology to scale service delivery to meet the increasing demand for online video, large file downloads and other Web 2.0 rich media content while improving subscriber experience.

Blue Coat has consistently been at the forefront of innovation. It recently closed the mobile app security gap created by unsanctioned mobile applications on the corporate network by introducing mobile application controls. PacketShaper version 9, a new software operating system release for Blue Coat PacketShaper appliances, introduced the industry?s first network-, application- and content-level visibility and control for IPv6 ?shadow networks? which have, up until now, run undetected on existing corporate IPv4 networks.

GITEX Technology Week takes place at the Dubai International Convention and Exhibition Centre (DICEC) between 14-18 October 2012. Blue Coat can be found in Zabeel Hall, Stand ZL-B6.

About Blue Coat Systems

Blue Coat Systems provides Web security and WAN optimization solutions to 85 percent of FORTUNE Global 500 companies.? As the market share leader in the secure web gateway market, Blue Coat sets the standard for enterprise security.? Its solutions provide the visibility, protection and control required to optimize and secure the flow of information to any user, on any network, anywhere.? For additional information, please visit www.bluecoat.com.

Blue Coat, ProxySG, WebPulse and the Blue Coat logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of Blue Coat Systems, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and certain other countries. All other trademarks mentioned in this document are the property of their respective owners.

Source: http://capitalbusiness.me/2012/09/06/blue-coat-set-to-demonstrate-industry-leading-wan-optimisation-and-web-security-solutions-at-gitex/

niki minaj grammy performance grammys 2012 deadmau5 phoebe snow jennifer hudson tribute to whitney houston nicki minaj grammy jason whitlock